Functions

Copper is an essential trace element. It is found most concentrated in the brain and liver. It is an important component of many enzymes in the body, particularly with regards to energy production, the production of connective tissue, and the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids and therefore nerve cell sheaths. Copper is also an important part of anti-oxidant defenses and in development of resistance against infection. Copper is also essential to the cardiovascular system.

Uses

Heart disease, collagen defects, rheumatoid arthritis, nerve afflictions.

Deficiency

Symptoms of copper deficiency in babies include failure to thrive, paleness, anemia, diarrhea, lack of pigmentation, prominent veins. In adults, symptoms include anemia, water retention, weakness of blood vessels, irritability, brittle bones, and hair depigmentation.

Antagonists

Phytates from dietary fiber prevent copper absorption, as does high intake of zinc, cadmium, fluoride or molybdenum. High vitamin C may cause copper deficiency.

Co-factors

Copper deficiency alters iron metabolism, causing iron to accumulate in the liver.

Drug Interactions

None known.

Dose

There is no RDA for copper.

Toxicity

None known.

Sources

Good food sources include liver, shellfish, brewer's yeast, olives, nuts, whole grains, beans and chocolate. Copper from pots contributes to dietary amounts.